Protection of Foreign Well-Known Trademark A Comparison Between Türkiye and China

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ III

PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... V

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... VII

TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ XI

ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... XIII

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... XV

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1

Chapter One

Overview of Well-Known Trademark

1. Concept of Trademark .............................................................................................. 13

1.1. Definition of Trademark ................................................................................... 13

1.1.1. Signs That Can Be Registered .................................................................. 13

1.1.2 Signs That Cannot Be Registered .............................................................. 15

1.1.3. Distinctiveness .......................................................................................... 16

1.1.4. Method of Protection ................................................................................ 19

1.1.5. Translation ................................................................................................ 20

1.2. International Frameworks ................................................................................. 21

1.3. Historical Background ...................................................................................... 22

1.3.1. Evolution of Trademark Protection in China ............................................ 22

1.3.2. Evolution of Trademark Protection in Türkiye ......................................... 25

2. Definition of Well-Known Trademarks: Legislation and Judicial Practice .............. 25

2.1. Definition in China ........................................................................................... 25

2.2. Definition in Türkiye ........................................................................................ 27

2.3. Comparison of Definition in Both Countries .................................................... 29

2.3.1. Similarities ................................................................................................ 29

2.3.2. Differences ................................................................................................ 30

2.3.3. Implications .............................................................................................. 31

3. Characteristics of Well-Known Trademark .............................................................. 32

3.1. Fame Standard .................................................................................................. 32

3.1.1. Chinese Practice ........................................................................................ 32

3.1.2. Turkish Practice ........................................................................................ 33

3.1.3. Comparison of Fame Standard in Both Countries .................................... 34

3.1.3.1. Similarities ........................................................................................ 34

3.1.3.2. Differences ........................................................................................ 35

3.1.3.3. Implications ....................................................................................... 35

3.2. Scope Standard ................................................................................................. 36

3.2.1. Chinese Practice ........................................................................................ 36

3.2.2. Turkish Practice ........................................................................................ 37

3.2.3. Comparison of Scope Standard in Both Countries .................................... 37

3.2.3.1. Similarities ........................................................................................ 37

3.2.3.2. Differences ........................................................................................ 38

3.2.3.3. Implications ....................................................................................... 39

3.3. Value Standard ................................................................................................. 40

3.3.1. Chinese Practice ........................................................................................ 40

3.3.2. Turkish Practice ........................................................................................ 40

3.3.3. Comparison of Value Standard in Both Countries .................................... 41

3.3.3.1. Similarities ........................................................................................ 41

3.3.3.2. Differences ........................................................................................ 41

3.3.3.3. Implications ....................................................................................... 42

Chapter Two

Determination of Well-Known Trademark

1. Determination Concept ............................................................................................. 43

2. Determination of Well-Known Trademarks in China .............................................. 45

2.1. Determination by Administrative Process ........................................................ 46

2.2. Determination by Judicial Process .................................................................... 48

3. Determination of Well-Known Trademarks in Türkiye ........................................... 51

3.1. Determination by Administrative Process ........................................................ 51

3.2. Determination by Judicial Process .................................................................... 54

4. Comparison of Two Legal Systems.......................................................................... 59

4.1. Similarities ........................................................................................................ 59

4.2. Differences ....................................................................................................... 60

4.3. Implications ...................................................................................................... 62

Chapter Three

Protection of Registered Foreign Well-Known Trademark

1. Registration of Foreign Trademark .......................................................................... 65

1.1. National- International Application .................................................................. 66

1.2. Trademark Application Examination ................................................................ 69

1.3. Trademark Application Opposition .................................................................. 70

2. Protection of Registered Foreign Well-Known Trademark in China .................................................................................................. 72

2.1. Protection in Terms of Trademark Law ............................................................ 72

2.1.1. Non-use of the Trademark in Bad Faith .................................................... 74

2.1.2. Trademark Piracy ...................................................................................... 75

2.1.3. Counterfeiting ........................................................................................... 76

2.1.4. Trademarking Usage: Enterprise Name .................................................... 77

2.1.5. As a Defense: Fair-use .............................................................................. 77

2.2. Administrative Regulations .............................................................................. 78

2.3. Criminal Law of China ..................................................................................... 79

3. Protection of Registered Foreign Well-Known Trademarks in Türkiye ............................................................................................. 81

3.1. Protection in Terms of Trademark Law ............................................................ 81

3.1.1. Non-use of the Trademark in Bad Faith .................................................... 82

3.1.2. Trademark Piracy ...................................................................................... 82

3.1.3. Counterfeiting ........................................................................................... 84

3.1.4. Trademarking Usage: Enterprise Name .................................................... 85

3.1.5. As a Defense: Fair-use .............................................................................. 86

3.2. Administrative Regulations .............................................................................. 87

3.3. Criminal Law of Türkiye .................................................................................. 88

4. Comparison of Two Legal Systems.......................................................................... 90

4.1. Similarities ........................................................................................................ 90

4.2. Differences ....................................................................................................... 94

4.3. Implications ...................................................................................................... 97

Chapter Four

Protection of Unregistered Foreign Well-Known Trademark

1. The Protection of Unregistered Foreign Well-Known Trademark in China .......... 101

1.1. Priority Rights................................................................................................. 104

1.2. Trademark Squatting ...................................................................................... 105

1.3. Trademark Dilution ........................................................................................ 106

1.4. Domain Name Grabbing ................................................................................. 107

2. The Protection of Unregistered Foreign Well-Known Trademark in Türkiye ............................................................................................. 108

2.1. Priority Rights................................................................................................. 110

2.2. Trademark Squatting ...................................................................................... 110

2.3. Trademark Dilution ........................................................................................ 112

2.4. Domain Name Grabbing ................................................................................. 113

3. Comparison of Two Legal Systems........................................................................ 114

3.1. Similarities ...................................................................................................... 114

3.2. Differences ..................................................................................................... 116

3.3. Implications .................................................................................................... 118

Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 123

Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 127